给个用tikz的笨办法

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{matrix}

\begin{document}

\[
\begin{tikzpicture}
\matrix (m) [matrix of math nodes,
    nodes={minimum width=6.5mm, minimum height=6.5mm, anchor=center},
    left delimiter=(,
    right delimiter=)
]{
1 & 2 & 3 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\
2 & 1 & 2 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\
1 & 3 & 4 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\
};

\draw[dashed]
([shift={(0,0.4)}]m-1-3.east) -- ([shift={(0,-0.45)}]m-3-3.east);
\node[inner sep =1pt](a) at([shift={(-2.1,0)}]m-1-1){$(-1)$};
\node[inner sep =1pt](b) at([shift={(-1.3,0)}]m-1-1){$(-2)$};
\draw[-latex,line width=0.4pt] (a)|-(-2.4,-0.65);
\draw[-latex,line width=0.4pt] (b)|-(-2.4,0);
\node at (2.8,0){$\longrightarrow$};
\end{tikzpicture}
\]

\end{document}

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{ctex,amsmath,cases}
\begin{document} 
\[
\begin{cases}
\text{电磁学：数学语言比较简单，通常只利用积分}\\[100ex]
\text{电动力学：大量使用矢量微分运算}
\end{cases}
\]
\end{document}

这类图显然不适合用tikz绘制，也没有现成的宏包，画法很简单，无非是一些简单几何图形拼接，只要有耐心就能完成，建议用其他软件完成，比如inkscape.

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{xcolor}


\begin{document}

\textcolor{red}{
\begin{tabular}{ccc}
A & B & C \\
1 & 2 & 3 \\
4 & 5 & 6
\end{tabular}
}

\end{document}

用 tikz 实现。

\documentclass[tikz,border=1cm]{standalone}
\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}[
  cell/.style={
    draw,
    line width=0.8pt,
    minimum width=7.2mm,
    minimum height=6mm,
    inner sep=0pt,
    font=\small
  }
]

\def\inset{1mm}

\foreach \x in {1,...,100} {

  
  \pgfmathsetmacro{\row}{int((\x-1)/10)}
  \pgfmathsetmacro{\col}{int((\x-1) - 10*\row)}

  
  \node[cell] (N\x) at ({7.2mm*\col},{-6mm*\row}) {\x};

  
  \ifnum\x=2\relax\else
  \ifnum\x=3\relax\else
  \ifnum\x=5\relax\else
  \ifnum\x=7\relax\else

    
    \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\mii}{mod(\x,2)}
    \ifnum\mii=0
      \draw[thick]
        ([xshift=\inset,yshift=-\inset]N\x.north west) --
        ([xshift=-\inset,yshift=\inset]N\x.south east);

    \else
     
      \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\miii}{mod(\x,3)}
      \ifnum\miii=0
        \draw[thick]
          ([xshift=-\inset,yshift=-\inset]N\x.north east) --
          ([xshift=\inset,yshift=\inset]N\x.south west);

      \else
       
        \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\mv}{mod(\x,5)}
        \ifnum\mv=0
          \draw[thick]
            ([xshift=\inset,yshift=-\inset]N\x.north west) --
            ([xshift=-\inset,yshift=\inset]N\x.south east);
          \draw[thick]
            ([xshift=-\inset,yshift=-\inset]N\x.north east) --
            ([xshift=\inset,yshift=\inset]N\x.south west);

        \else
         
          \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\mvii}{mod(\x,7)}
          \ifnum\mvii=0
            \draw[thick]
              ([xshift=\inset]N\x.west) --
              ([xshift=-\inset]N\x.east);
          \fi
        \fi
      \fi
    \fi

  \fi\fi\fi\fi
}

\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

谢谢S老师，这就是我的需求

\documentclass[tikz]{standalone}
\usepackage{tzplot}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}
  \draw[->] (-1,0) -- (5,0) node[right] {$x$}; \draw[->] (0,-3) -- (0,3) node[above] {$y$};
  \tzcoors(0,0)(O){$O$}[-150] (4,3.158)(A){$A$}[-90] (4,-3.158)(D){$D$}[-90] (0.4,1)(C){$C$}[-90] (0.4,-1)(B){$B$}[-90] (1.26,0)(F){$F$}[-90];
  \draw[domain=-3.5:3.5, samples=200,]
  plot ({0.4*\x*\x}, \x);
  \draw (A)--(B)--(D)--(F)--(C)--(A);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz,tzplot}
\usetikzlibrary{patterns}

\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}

  \draw[-Latex](-2,0)--(4.5,0) ;\draw[-Latex](0,-1)--(0,5);
  \tzcoors(0,0)(O){$O$}[-150] (4.5,0)(x){$x$}[b] (0,5)(y){$y$}[l]
  (0,2)(E){$E$}[l] (0,3.8)(A){$A$}[l] (4,2)(D){$D$}[r] (3.8,5.6)(C){$C$}[] (2.1,0)(B){$B$}[b] (2,-2)(Q){$Q$}[b] (1,1.1)(M){} (1,2)(N){$N$}[60];
  \node at (0.78,0.95){\small$M$};

  \fill[yellow!80,opacity=0.3](A)--(D)--(C); \fill[green!70,opacity=0.25](E)--(D)--(Q);
  \fill[pattern=north east lines, pattern color=red,opacity=0.45](A)--(M)--(B);
  \fill[pattern=north west lines, pattern color=blue,opacity=0.45](E)--(M)--(Q);

  \draw[blue] (E)--(D)--(C)--(E); \draw[red] (A)--(C)--(B)--(A);
  \draw[red,dashed] (A)--(D)--(Q)--(E)--(A) (M)--(Q);
  \draw[] (A)--(M)--(B) (E)--(M)--(D);
\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

这个问题本质上和 matrix 没有丝毫关系

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz, bm, lipsum}
\usetikzlibrary{scopes}
\begin{document}

\lipsum[1][1-4]

\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}

  \node[font=\large] {$\bm{R_0} = $};

  \draw[thick] (1.2,2)--(1,2)--(1,-2)--(1.2,-2);

  {[]
    \draw (2,0.9)--(2,-1.8) (2.5,0.9)--(2.5,-1.8) (3,0.9)--(3,-1.8);
    \node[font=\scriptsize] at (2.5,1.15){$K$};
  \node[font=\large] at (3.15,-2.15){\bm{$S$}}; }

  {[shift={(4.7,0.2)}]
    \node[draw,minimum size=1.7cm,label={[above=0.5,font=\scriptsize]$K$},
    label={[right=1.35cm,below=1.25cm,font=\scriptsize]$K$}] (m) {};

    \node[font=\large] at(0.3,-2.4) {$E(\bm{aa}^H)$};
  }

  {[shift={(7,0.2)}]
    \draw (0,0)--(2.8,0) (0,0.62)--(2.8,0.62) (0,-0.62)--(2.8,-0.62);
    \node[font=\scriptsize] at(1.35,1.3){$M$};
    \node[font=\scriptsize] at(3.3,0.1){$K$};

    \node[font=\large] at(1.7,-2.4) {$\bm{S}^H$};
  }

  \draw[thick] (10.9,2)--(11.1,2)--(11.1,-2)--(10.9,-2);

  \node[font=\large,align=center] at(6,-3.1) {\scalebox{0.9}[1.5]{$\uparrow$} \\[1ex] non-singular};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}

\lipsum[1][1-4]
\end{document}

针对你要做学位论文的模板，它可以直接用article文档类修改，所以需要了解该文档类的结构，各种命令，参数。而在这之前需要你对latex有最基本的了解，这可以通过阅读lshort获取。对于article文档类的学习，可以参看这个中文书：latex2e文类和宏包学习手册，此外还可以看这个以了解latex2e的命令使用：latex2e:An unofcial reference manual. 对于模板中的各种设置，诸如标题，目录，定理环境，页面样式，列表等等，如果你需要自定义或者修改，可以参考对应的宏包手册，这些可以在ctan网站上的topic里找关键词，然后通过texdoc 宏包名称 查询。

总之，模板设计是一个综合且复杂的工作，需要各个方面的知识，以上仅仅是针对现有文档类修改，如果想重头开始自己制作文档类或者宏包，那latex或者tex底层的宏语言知识必不可少。

老生常谈的问题。ams 的 align(*) 环境比较特殊，会额外修改 \abovedisplay(short)skip, \belowdisplay(short)skip 的值。 如果想整体修改，可以使用 hook. 此外，对于多行公式内部的行间距也会受字体字号影响，可以用 \jot 整体修改，或者使用 \\[<num>] 局部修改

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath,lipsum,}


\AddToHook{env/align*/before}{\vskip-3.5ex}
\AddToHook{env/align*/after}{\vskip-0.5ex}
\jot=-0.2ex

\begin{document}
\lipsum[1][1-2]
\[
  Ff(x)
\]
\lipsum[1][1-2]
\[
  \frac{p}{q}
\]
\lipsum[1][1-2]
\begin{align*}
  b &= c \\
    &= d
\end{align*}
\lipsum[1][1-2]

\end{document}

使用 tikz 绘制可以精细调节位置，使用 joinbox 较难处理位置，而且对行间公式不方便

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz,joinbox,centernot}

\newcommand{\noiffa}{%
  \mathrel{\raisebox{-1.2ex}{{\hbox{%
          \joinbox[sep=0.3ex]{$\Longleftarrow$}{$\centernot\Longrightarrow$}%
  }}}}%
}

\newcommand{\noiffb}{%
  \tikz[baseline={([yshift=-.3ex]current bounding box.center)}]{
      \node (a) {$\Longleftarrow$};
      \node at ([shift={(0.1em,-0.6ex)}]a.south) {$\centernot\Longrightarrow$};
  }}


\begin{document}

$\sum_{i}^{n}a_i \noiffa ABC, \quad \sum_{i}^{n}a_i \noiffb ABC$

\[
  \sum_{i}^{n}a_i \noiffb ABC
\]

\end{document}

查看 abstract 宏包的环境定义，可能和内部调用 center 环境有关

\if@titlepage \renewenvironment{abstract}{%
  \titlepage \null\vfil \@beginparpenalty\@lowpenalty
  \begin{center}%
    \bfseries \abstractname \@endparpenalty\@M
\end{center}}%
{\par\vfil\null\endtitlepage}
\else \renewenvironment{abstract}{%
  \if@twocolumn
  \section*{\abstractname}%
  \else \small
  \begin{center}%
    {\bfseries \abstractname\vspace{-.5em}\vspace{\z@}}%
  \end{center}%
\quotation \fi} {\if@twocolumn\else\endquotation\fi}
\fi

将 MWE 中的 abstract 环境改为 center 环境

\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{showframe}
\usepackage{lipsum}

\usepackage{abstract}
\setlength{\absleftindent}{0pt} %取消左边距
\setlength{\absrightindent}{0pt} %取消右边距
\renewcommand{\abstracttextfont}{\normalsize} %确保摘要环境内外字号一致

\usepackage{enumitem}
\setlist{
  itemindent=\parindent,
}

\begin{document}

\begin{center}

  \lipsum[2]

  \begin{enumerate}
    \item this is text. this is text. this is text. this is text. this is text. this is text. this is text. this is text.
    \item this is text. this is text. this is text. this is text. this is text. this is text. this is text. this is text.
  \end{enumerate}

\end{center}

\lipsum[2]

\begin{enumerate}
  \item this is text. this is text. this is text. this is text. this is text. this is text. this is text. this is text.
  \item this is text. this is text. this is text. this is text. this is text. this is text. this is text. this is text.
\end{enumerate}

\end{document}

效果和以上展示的一致，初步判断就是 center 所致。

用 tikz 的 matrix 实现。思路是先画顶部两行表格，再画左边绿色区域的表格，最后画中间的带彩色数据条的表格，中间表格分块画，每一块都是一个 matrix. 中间表格先输入内容，然后用 foreach 加 fill 填充彩色数据条，最后给表格整体用绿色背景，然后在中间区域覆盖白色背景。中间表格我做了一部分，剩余内容和前两行的同理，有兴趣可以自己补充。

\documentclass[border=1cm,tikz]{standalone}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usetikzlibrary{scopes,matrix,calc,backgrounds,fit}

\definecolor{blue1}{RGB}{51,204,255}
\definecolor{blue2}{RGB}{51,153,255}

\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[thick]

  % 顶部表格
  {[thick]
    \matrix(m)[matrix of nodes,nodes={minimum width=5.4cm, minimum height=0.7cm}, ]{
      \hskip-1.4cm Parameter & Ep1 $(b_p=0.04)$ & Ep2 $(b_p=0.02)$ & Ep3 $(b_p=0.01)$\\
      \hskip-1.4cm Strategy & S1 \hskip3.6em S2 \hskip3.6em S3 &  S1 \hskip3.6em S2 \hskip3.6em S3 &  S1 \hskip3.6em S2 \hskip3.6em S3\\
    };

    \draw(m-1-4.south east)--++(-23.2,0);
    \draw[line width=1.3pt](m-2-4.south east)--++(-23.2,0);
    \draw[line width=1pt,double](m-1-4.north east)--++(-23.2,0);
    \draw(m-1-1.north east)--(m-2-1.south east)--++(0,-13.6) (m-1-2.north east)--(m-2-2.south east)--++(0,-13.6) (m-1-3.north east)--(m-2-3.south east)--++(0,-13.6);
  }

  % 左边表格
  {[shift={(-8.2,-7.4)}]
    \matrix(n) [matrix of nodes,nodes={text width=2.5cm,text height=0.5cm,execute at begin node={\setlength{\baselineskip}{4ex}}, anchor=center, },align=center] {
      {Efficiency \\ change [pu]}  & {Avg-HPP 1\\Min-HPP 1\\Avg-Hpp 2\\Min-HPP 2} \\
      {GV movement\\ {[/]}}  & {Distance\\Amount} \\
      {RB movement\\ {[pu]}}  & {Dist.-HPP 1\\Dist.-HPP 2\\Amount-HPP 1\\Amount-HPP 2} \\
      {Frequency \\ quanlity [pu]}  & {HPP 1\\HPP 2} \\
      {Mileage\\ {[MW]}}  & {HPP 1\\HPP 2} \\
      Strength [pu] & {HPP 1\\HPP 2} \\
      Mileage [pu] & {HPP 1\\HPP 2} \\
      Contributiuon [pu] & {HPP 1\\HPP 2} \\
    };

    \draw[line width=1pt,double](n-8-1.south west) ++(0,-2mm)--++(21.775,0) (n-8-1.south west) ++(0,-2mm)--++(-1.5,0);
    \draw[line width=1.3pt] (n-8-1.south west) ++(0,-2mm)--(n-1-1.north west)--++(0,0.5);
    \draw(n-2-1.north west)++(0,-2mm)--++(21.775,0) (n-2-1.south west)++(0,-1mm)--++(21.775,0)
    (n-5-1.north west)++(0,-2mm)--++(21.775,0) (n-6-1.north west)++(0,1mm)--++(21.775,0) (n-6-1.north west)++(0,1mm)--++(-1.5,0);
    \draw[line width=1.3pt](n-4-1.north west)++(0,-2mm)--++(21.775,0) (n-4-1.north west)++(0,-2mm)--++(-1.5,0);

    \node[rotate=90]at ($(n-2-1.west)+(-8mm,-1.5mm)$){\large Burden};
    \node[rotate=90,align=center,font=\large]at ($(n-4-1.west)+(-8mm,-9mm)$){Regulation\\performance};
    \node[rotate=90]at ($(n-7-1.west)+(-8mm,-1.5mm)$){\large Payment};
  }

  % 中间第一行表格
  {[shift={(m-2-2.south)}, yshift=-1.35cm]
    \matrix(p1)[matrix of nodes, nodes={minimum width=1.8cm, minimum height=0.6cm,}, column sep=0.cm]{
      -0.079\% & -0.097\% & -0.144\%\\
      -0.268\% & -0.297\% & -0.304\%\\
      -0.030\% & -0.061\% & -0.196\%\\
      -0.435\% & -0.472\% & -0.638\%\\
    };
    \foreach \x/\y in{%
      1-1/0.079, 1-2/0.087, 1-3/0.12,
      2-1/0.19, 2-2/0.19, 2-3/0.21,
      3-1/0.030, 3-2/0.041, 3-3/0.13,
      4-1/0.28, 4-2/0.3, 4-3/0.35
    }
    {\fill[red, opacity=0.55](p1-\x.north east) rectangle ++ (-\y,-0.5);
    }
  }

  {[shift={(m-2-3.south)}, yshift=-1.35cm]
    \matrix(p1)[matrix of nodes, nodes={minimum width=1.8cm, minimum height=0.6cm,}, column sep=0.cm]{
      -0.217\% & -0.249\% & -0.535\%\\
      -0.493\% & -0.535\% & -0.729\%\\
      -0.125\% & -0.153\% & -0.743\%\\
      -0.627\% & -0.653\% & -1.369\%\\
    };
    \foreach \x/\y in{%
      1-1/0.199, 1-2/0.207, 1-3/0.37,
      2-1/0.35, 2-2/0.35, 2-3/0.43,
      3-1/0.070, 3-2/0.071, 3-3/0.44,
      4-1/0.38, 4-2/0.4, 4-3/0.75
    }
    {\fill[red, opacity=0.55](p1-\x.north east) rectangle ++ (-\y,-0.5);
    }
  }

  {[shift={(m-2-4.south)}, yshift=-1.35cm]
    \matrix(p1)[matrix of nodes, nodes={minimum width=1.8cm, minimum height=0.6cm,}, column sep=0.cm]{
      -0.0726\% & -0.771\% & -1.941\%\\
      -1.034 \% & -1.069\% & -2.232\%\\
      -0.528\% & -0.555\% & -2.505\%\\
      -1.276\% & -1.300\% & -3.182\%\\
    };
    \foreach \x/\y in{%
      1-1/0.4, 1-2/0.42, 1-3/1.1,
      2-1/0.6, 2-2/0.6, 2-3/1.3,
      3-1/0.32, 3-2/0.35, 3-3/1.42,
      4-1/0.68, 4-2/0.7, 4-3/1.65
    }
    {\fill[red, opacity=0.55](p1-\x.north east) rectangle ++ (-\y,-0.5);
    }
  }

  % 中间第二行表格
  {[shift={(m-2-2.south)}, yshift=-3.35cm]
    \matrix(p1)[matrix of nodes, nodes={minimum width=1.8cm, minimum height=0.6cm,}, column sep=0.cm]{
      7.610 & 7.610 & 7.610\\
      2066 & 2066 & 2066\\
    };
    \foreach \x/\y in{%
      1-1/0.4, 1-2/0.4, 1-3/0.4
    }
    {\fill[blue1,opacity=0.4](p1-\x.north west)++(0.04,0.05) rectangle ++ (\y,-0.6);}
    \foreach \x/\y in{%
      2-1/1.3, 2-2/1.3, 2-3/1.3
    }
    {\fill[blue!80!green, opacity=0.4](p1-\x.north west)++(0.01,-0.05) rectangle ++ (\y,-0.5);}

  }

  {[shift={(m-2-3.south)}, yshift=-3.35cm]
    \matrix(p1)[matrix of nodes, nodes={minimum width=1.8cm, minimum height=0.6cm,}, column sep=0.cm]{
      15.634 & 15.634 & 15.634\\
      2343 & 2343 & 2343\\
    };
    \foreach \x/\y in{%
      1-1/0.7, 1-2/0.7, 1-3/0.7
    }
    {\fill[blue1,opacity=0.4](p1-\x.north west)++(0.04,0.05) rectangle ++ (\y,-0.6);}
    \foreach \x/\y in{%
      2-1/1.5, 2-2/1.5, 2-3/1.5
    }
    {\fill[blue!80!green, opacity=0.4](p1-\x.north west)++(0.01,-0.05) rectangle ++ (\y,-0.5);}

  }

  {[shift={(m-2-4.south)}, yshift=-3.35cm]
    \matrix(p1)[matrix of nodes, nodes={minimum width=1.8cm, minimum height=0.6cm,}, column sep=0.cm]{
      31.829 & 31.829 & 31.829\\
      2676 & 2676 & 2676\\
    };
    \foreach \x/\y in{%
      1-1/1.6, 1-2/1.6, 1-3/1.6
    }
    {\fill[blue1,opacity=0.4](p1-\x.north west)++(0.04,0.05) rectangle ++ (\y,-0.6);}
    \foreach \x/\y in{%
      2-1/1.75, 2-2/1.75, 2-3/1.75
    }
    {\fill[blue!80!green, opacity=0.4](p1-\x.north west)++(0.01,-0.05) rectangle ++ (\y,-0.5);}

  }

  % 背景
  {[on background layer]
    \fill[green!40,opacity=0.3](current bounding box.south east)++(0.2,-0.2) rectangle +(-23.8,15.6);
    \fill[white](current bounding box.south east)++(-0.3,0.25) rectangle +(-16.2,13.6);
  }
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

以上过程是平凡但较繁琐的。

本质上你并没有提出一个 LaTeX 绘图的问题。提问要描述清楚你要绘制什么图。以下采用 tzplot 绘制：

\documentclass[border=1cm]{standalone}
\usepackage{tzplot}
\usetikzlibrary{scopes}

\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.8, thick]
  \draw[->] (-5,0) -- (5,0) node[right]{$x$};
  \draw[->] (0,-3) -- (0,5) node[above]{$y$};
  \tzcoors(0,0)(O){$O$}[-135] (0,4)(A){$A$}[170] (-4,0)(B){$B$}[150] (4,0)(C){$C$}[30] (2,0)(D){$D$}[-30] (-2,-2)(E){$E$}[-90] ;
  \draw(A)--(B)--(E)--(D)--(A) (A)--(C);

  {[shift={(12,0)}]
    \draw[->] (-5,0) -- (5,0) node[right]{$x$};
    \draw[->] (0,-3) -- (0,5) node[above]{$y$};
    \tzcoors(0,0)(O){$O$}[-135] (0,4)(A){$A$}[170] (-4,0)(B){$B$}[-150] (4,0)(C){$C$}[30] (2,0)(D){$D$}[-30] (-2.5,-1.5)(E){$E$}[-150] (-4.8,0.8)(a){} (-1.8,-2.2)(b){};
    \tzdot*[fill=red](0,3){$F$}[l](3.5pt)
    \draw(A)--(B)--(E)--(D)--(A) (A)--(C) (a)--(b);
  }
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

此外，tikz 绘图不一定需要精确计算坐标，很多时候坐标可以目测，最终实现的结果观感不错就行，毕竟是在绘图而不是做数学题，而要完成以上数学题实际上并不需要图形。